The Children And Where Are You Going - 1419 Words

In the stories The Children and Where are You Going, Where Have You Been, both authors captivates their audience through similar contexts. Both authors intrigued the audiences of juveniles because their characters consist of ages between 13 to 18. They reached out to the younger generations to teach a lesson of how quickly one could become lost within society. Society makes a person lose value in their culture and family virtue. The Children of Julie Otsuka, took place from the fields of Japan to the wide open range of North America. Japanese mothers wanted a better life for their offspring so they took their belongings and left their spouse. Mothers not only packed their personal items, but their cultural traditions as well. As time†¦show more content†¦They forget the names of the flowers in Japanese. They forgot the names of the fox god and the thunder god... (Otsuka 1072). The children were bewildered by their mother s speech that they began to act as if they did not understand the language spoken. The children did not speak their native tongue because it was not the language spoken in America. They wanted to adapt so quickly to a common culture since the children are tired of being an outcast. Consequently, Japanese children did not want to be a Japanese native anymore when they observed the life of an American child. They compared their horrific lifestyle to the luxury of an American. Otsuka illustrates an American house as ... fancy white houses with gold-framed mirrors and crystal doorknobs and porcelain toilets that flushed with the yank of a chain...there were mattresses stuffed with hard metal springs that were somehow as soft as a cloud (Otsuka 1069). She did not illustrate a Japanese home to her readers because they are rarely at home. The mothers work in the fields as she watches her children play quietly outside. They did not sleep on plush mattresses, but wooden boards covered with hay (Otsuka 1067). One character traveled to the city to work as a maid and agreed that the beds were soft. They children did not enjoy the differences in cultures. As they work countless hours with their mothers, others do not even observe the sun rising because they stay at homeShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pagespeople don’t see the effects poverty has on people or sometimes they don’t care but you should. What if you were put in the situation where you lost everything and weren’t able to recover. Now imagine this is your child. Many people put a generic face upon poverty. Usually they see the poor African American person, or the old man who looks dirty, or even the woman who is selling her body just to buy a bite to eat. Children are often not thought of when it comes to poverty and they are the ones who getRead MoreThe Importance Of Education For First Nations720 Words   |  3 Pages We all have the privilege of growing up where education comes to us as a right. For some people, its not always like that. Canada is one of the richest countries, yet First Nations don’t have the same rights as many other Canadian citizens. There should be education for First Nations no matter their race, gender, and/or age. Schools should be built nearby for First Nations communities. To get to school, First Nations children have to travel far away from home. They are constantlyRead MoreFeed My Starving Children Essay examples1541 Words   |  7 PagesHungry Children in the World General Purpose: To persuade A. How many of you are worried about where your next meal will come from? Are you unsure of how you’re going to purchase next week’s groceries or what you will be feeding your children for dinner tonight? This probably isn’t something most of you think about from day to day. When you are hungry, you eat. It’s easy for you to grab a sandwich, order a pizza, or run through the drive thru when you are on the go. However, there are many familiesRead MoreThe Struggle of Divorce1040 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween individuals. When going through the process of divorce, most of children’s opinions are left out of the process. This causes a great deal of tension for the children. Many children become very stressed during this process because they do not want their parents to separate (â€Å"The Truth About Children and Divorce†). The tension of divorce negatively affects children’s everyday life because the parents are not taking the child†™s opinions into consideration leaving the children feeling left out andRead MoreChild Care and Education Cache Level 2766 Words   |  3 PagesD1: The expected stage of social development at the age of 4 years old is that children would be with other children, playing with and they start to understand the differences in people and their needs and so are able to get jealous and express anger whilst talking as well as physically and knows how to be creative. D2: The expected stage of social development for age 5 years old is that children will start to understand that having friends is good and they like to play more than being alone. TheyRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesHurst 1 Allison Hurst Professor Ben Mayo English Comp II 30 April 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. Oates was disturbed by the number of teenagers that this killer was able to persuade to help him and keep his secretsRead MoreThe American Dream1150 Words   |  5 Pagesare all different with different strengths and weaknesses. We live in a country where competition is high but opportunities are distributed in different ways. Does race affect the success of the american dream? The American dream, a goal that makes up the energy of the country, it’s what keeps the people going. In America there is education, a vial source of where you are able to study anything you want and know that you will have a stable future. With different situations people are put it that keepsRead MoreTeaching Students With Special Needs1740 Words   |   7 PagesWe live in a world where we exclude people who are different and that needs to change not only in the workplace, but also school. Students with special needs have always been separated from a regular classroom. By including special needs children, this will help the student not only thrive in academics but also in life by gaining social and technical skills. Students will feel like they are part of a regular classroom and are not excluded because of their disability. By students having a regularRead MorePopular Mechanics By Raymond Carver : Lesson Plan Of Questioning1628 Words   |  7 Pagesthat faced the backyard. Cars slushed by on the street outside, where it was getting dark. But it was getting dark on the inside too. He was in the bedroom pushing clothes into a suitcase when she came to the door. I’m glad you’re leaving! I’m glad you’re leaving! she said. Do you hear? He kept on putting his things into the suitcase. Son of a b@!#?! I’m so glad you’re leaving! She began to cry. You can’t even look me in the face, can you? Then she noticed the baby’s picture on the bed and picked itRead MorePeople Have On Kids Using Electronics1558 Words   |  7 Pageselectronics for their kids. There are many different reasons why people feel the way they do. Both sides make very valid points to support their side, but I see nothing wrong with kids using electronics in their lives. There are going to be many different times when kids are going to need to use electronic devises in their life, so they should learn the different skills while they are young. There are many different views on this topic and one of the biggest reasons why parents don’t want their kids

Non-violent Methods are Better Way of Training Children Free Essays

As we know, physical punishment has always been an effective way for training animals. Once they become wild, flinging the whip is what we do to make them being well-behaved. However, does it work for training children? Are their behaviors all get better and better after that? In my point of view, I strongly object parents who admire that physical punishment is the best way to teach and train their own children. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-violent Methods are Better Way of Training Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the pain of body is easy to make people learn the lesson, on the other hand, it may also be easy to leave the scars on body and heart, cause family problems and losing the opportunities for children to judge the right and wrong by themselves own. First of all, even the pain of punishment will disappear, the scars on body and heart somehow will remain for the entire life. With no doubt, teaching children not to spill the milk on the floor by simply slapping on their bottoms would be a rapid way to warn them not to make the same mistake again. However, I think your children would remember how bad you treat them more than the lesson they’ve learned and reflect this rage on their children in the future by teaching them in same way. In addition, some researches even have shown the causes of some criminal’s psychological problems can be traced back to their parents’ serious physical punishment or even abuse. The former dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein would be a good example. Second, without violence in the house, I believe children will have a happier childhood and get along with their parents better when they grow up. If we observe the relationship between parents and children more carefully, it is not hard to find out the happiness existing in the house is not only connected to children’s behavior but also parents’. After all, simply punish them physically can’t make them easier to understand what exact the mistake they make because they only know it’s wrong but don’t know why it is wrong. However, although it takes more time, if you explain to them why they do is wrong and what bad results they may cause instead of punish them, then it would be easier to make them understand this mistake can not be done again without making an awkward atmosphere in the family. Finally, to let the children know what is right and what is wrong, I think the best way for them is to experience and judge by themselves. Like I mentioned above, the most important principle is let them know why it’s wrong. Once they find out, then their brain will naturally tell them not to do it before they get hurt (no matter by themselves or parents). For instance, even you strongly warned your children don’t get too close to the fire, they still want to touch and feel it what it is. But once they suffer from the pain of burning, I assure you they don’t dare to do it again on purpose. To make a conclusion, I think physical punishment is not the best way to train children. Although it is fast and effective sometimes, you will never know what consequences it may bring in the future. After all, compared to the bad relationship and many problems it may cause, the long time it takes to teach a child in a liberal and gentle way seems very worthy. How to cite Non-violent Methods are Better Way of Training Children, Papers

Eye Tracking Technologies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Eye Tracking Technologies. Answer: Introduction In this new era of technology world eye tracking is one of the greatest opportunities to control the things by seeing them only. It can help in operating various operations by the movement of eyes and using Near Infrared lights to input commands in a system. This report explains the meaning of Eye Tracking technology and the various components used in this device. This report also explains how those components work and what their uses in the present world are and they can be used in future to make this world better. This report emphasis on the advantages of eye tracking comparing with other technologies and also few of the disadvantages are also provided below as there are not much disadvantage of this technology. Eye Tracking Eye tracking is a process of tracking the motion of eye with respect to the head or measure point of gaze means, where an individual is looking. It is a process for measuring the positions and movement of eyes (Gandhi et al. 2016). There are three types of tracker listed as first, Eye-attached tracking which generally uses lens to measure the movement of an object attaching that lens. Second, Optical Tracking, which process without involvement of the direct eye contact. Third is Electric potential measurement, which uses electrodes placing around the eyes. Eye tracker is a technology that can put control of a device to an individual by using the movement of eyes as he naturally would. Components of eye tracker are camera, projectors, sensors and algorithm (Xiong et al. 2014). The sensors are custom-designed hardware designed to perform as high performance sensor which consist of several custom components and highly advanced optics which are explained below: Advanced Micro Projectors Reflection pattern of Near Infrared (NIR) light on the eyes are created by using advanced micro projectors. The Sensors High-frame rate images of the eye of user and their reflection pattern are captured by using these sensors. The Image-Processing Algorithm The main intelligence of the system is the image-processing algorithm which, specifies the reflection patterns generated by the infrared coming back from the object or the screen and the details of the eye of a user and interprets the image stream which was generated by the sensors (Kassner, Patera and Bulling 2014). Users eye and the gaze point on a device screen are calculated by the Image-processing algorithms. User-Oriented Applications An intelligent application layer is added to the system in order to enable the various ways in which a technology can be used. Working of Eye Tracker Most of the eye trackers in this modern world which are available in the market are using near-infrared technology along with a camera of high resolution to track the movement of the eyes which is based on a straightforward concept referred to as Pupil Center Corneal Reflection (PCCR) (Lappi 2015). Visible reflections in the outer-most part of the eye (Cornea) are caused by the interaction of near-infrared (NIR) directly towards the pupil (center of the eye) which are tracked by camera. The accuracy of gaze direction measurement is dependent on the detection of corneal reflection and on a clear demarcation of the pupil, so eye tracking cannot be done with a source of ordinary light. Satisfying tracking result can be accomplished only by using infrared spectrum. Based on working and irrespective of the technology it can be classified into two groups: Remote Eye Tracker Often called as screen-based devices which require an individual is needed to interact with the screen-based content and monitor by sitting in front of it (Jones et al. 2014). It can record movement of an eye at a distance. Mobile Eye Tracker Kunze et al. (2013) stated that in this tracker device, respondents are allowed to move freely as the devices are fitted near the eyes which are usually mounted onto frames of eyeglass. Applications of Eye Tracker Eye trackers are used for various purposes some of them are listed as firstly, in psycholinguistics research, in research on the visual system, in marketing, in product design and as a device to input human-computer interactions. There are lots of application of eye tracking now a days some of them can be listed as firstly, Driving car which can be difficult but can be practiced by eye tracking (Lupu 2013). Secondly Surfing the internet and search anything there and buy groceries or play video-game or complete training exercise or even an individual can watch movie, download it or operate mobile devices. Future of Eye Tracking TOBII REX: According to Marcus (2013) Tobii a Stockholm-based company is planning to launch Rex USB-connected eye-tracking device which tracks vision by sitting in front of a computer screen and completely relies on image sensor and infrared-light-emitting micro-projector. Behind the Wheel: Toyota, General Motors and Carmakers has invested on a system to research towards attention and vision-monitoring system in cars which will improve safety by involving eye-tracking tech. Reading Enhanced: Software named Text 2.0 on which German researchers are working intends to pop-up translations and meaning of foreign words on the web display. Advantages of Eye Tracking Technology The movement of eyes is faster in eye tracking than other input media that we are using now. There is no need of training or any other particular coordination to operate this technology for a common user. It can determine at the particular point where the interest of a user is focused automatically and faster which other technologies cannot do (Fielder et al. 2013). It is more helpful than other technologies in usability studies in order to understand the interaction of the users with their suitable environments. Based on simplicity there are many points firstly, Setup can be done quickly as there are no complicated hardware involved in this setup. Secondly, User interface are spontaneous. For more than one application no calibration is required, automatic suppression and blink detection, Interface eye tracking with other applications become very busy due to the implementation of powerful SDK. With respect to flexibility its range is selected between 30Hz and 60 Hz operation modes, i t provides minimum tolerance to head movement by giving options like Glint-only tracking, Pupil-only tracking or chose both. Real-time Interface between the computers provides maximum flexibility to this technology. Disadvantages of Eye Tracking Technology This is very expensive to outfit a lab with decent eye-tracker even Google has outfitted only one of its lab with this facility. Many people are automatically not qualified to use eye-tracking based on the variety of attributes and also long eye lashes can get in the way of device function properly (Lupu and Ungureanu 2013). Another disadvantage is that setup of a participant and calibration with the device can consume time resulting in the lack of interest of an individual in using this device. Haans, De Brujin and IJsselsteijn (2014) discussed that eyes movement are often non-intentional (Midas Touch) so they must be interpreted carefully in order to eliminate unwanted responses to the users, major problem in this set up is that people are not accustomed to such operating devices in simple way by moving their eyes. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that this is a very new technology for this era which need to spread across the world and applications need to be expanded. It has the better and faster input facility for any command as compared with any other technology present at this moment. This may be a complicated operation but the outputs are more beneficial than the trouble made during the implementation of these devices so these are the necessary troubles which can be bearable in order to make this more advanced world. There are lots of advantages of this technology as explained above and very few disadvantages which are depicted in the last paragraph of this report. References: Fiedler, S., Glckner, A., Nicklisch, A. and Dickert, S., 2013. Social Value Orientation and information search in social dilemmas: An eye-trackinganalysis.Organizational behavior and human decision processes,120(2), pp.272-284. Gandhi, A., Patil, K., Deshpande, R. and Nazirkar, G., 2016. iMouseEye Tracking Application.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(7). Haans, A., de Bruijn, R. and IJsselsteijn, W.A., 2014. A virtual midas touch? Touch, compliance, and confederate bias in mediated communication.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,38(3), pp.301-311. Jones, P.R., Kalwarowsky, S., Atkinson, J., Braddick, O.J. and Nardini, M., 2014. Automated Measurement of Resolution Acuity in Infants Using Remote Eye-TrackingAutomated Acuity in Infants.Investigative ophthalmology visual science,55(12), pp.8102-8110. Kassner, M., Patera, W. and Bulling, A., 2014, September. Pupil: an open source platform for pervasive eye tracking and mobile gaze-based interaction. InProceedings of the 2014 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing: Adjunct publication(pp. 1151-1160). ACM. Kunze, K., Kawaichi, H., Yoshimura, K. and Kise, K., 2013, August. The Wordometer--Estimating the Number of Words Read Using Document Image Retrieval and Mobile Eye Tracking. InDocument Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), 2013 12th International Conference on(pp. 25-29). IEEE. Lappi, O., 2015. Eye Tracking in the Wild: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly.Journal of Eye Movement Research,8(5). Lupu, R.G. and Ungureanu, F., 2013. A survey of eye tracking methods and applications.Bul Inst Polit Iasi, pp.71-86. Lupu, R.G. and Ungureanu, F., 2013. A survey of eye tracking methods and applications.Bul Inst Polit Iasi, pp.71-86. Marcus, A., 2013, November. Mobile user-experience design trends. InSIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Courses(p. 12). ACM. Xiong, X., Liu, Z., Cai, Q. and Zhang, Z., 2014, September. Eye gaze tracking using an RGBD camera: a comparison with a RGB solution. InProceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication(pp. 1113-1121). ACM.

John Maxwell Essay Example

John Maxwell Paper Lexus Toombs Academy of Leadership and Excellence Book report The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership John C Maxwell 11/22/2011 John C. Maxwell is an internationally recognized leadership expert, speaker, coach, and author who has sold over 19 million books. Dr. Maxwell is the founder of EQUIP and The John Maxwell Company, organizations that have trained more than 5 million leaders worldwide. Every year he speaks to Fortune 500 companies, international government leaders, and organizations as diverse as the United States Military Academy at West Point, the National Football League, and the United Nations. The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership is one of many excellent leadership books by Maxwell. This book distills the art of leadership into 21 practical laws. The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership is easy to follow, very clear, and presents strong examples of the leadership principles explained. There are 21 laws described in this book. The following are a few that stood out to me. The Law of the Lid – Leadership Ability Determines a Person’s Level of Effectiveness ? Leadership ability is the lid that determines a person’s level of effectiveness. Your leadership ability always determines your effectiveness and the potential impact of your organization. Law of Influence– The true measure of leadership is influence, nothing more, nothing less. True leadership cannot be awarded, appointed, or assigned. It comes only from influence, and that cannot be mandated. It must be earned. Finally, The Law of Empowerment – Only Secure Leaders Give Power to Others. If you want to be successful, you have to be willing to empower others. Maxwell explains that the book is not meant to be read in one sitting, but over time. We will write a custom essay sample on John Maxwell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Maxwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Maxwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, John would like readers to read one law and practice it for a month and then come back to the book re-read and evaluate ones progress. Maxwell has done a masterful job with this book and has achieved its goal to teach leadership in a practical way. The book is laden with illustrations and stories. Usually these stories and illustrations are from well-known leaders or well-known companies. In some cases the stories were personal accounts, and these were expressed in a humble manner which is rare in books written by the experts. These real life examples illuminate the various concepts that Maxwell communicates. One will become very familiar with the term fleshing it out. In reading The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership two laws stood out to me The Law of Empowerment and The Law of Priorities. Maxwell stated, â€Å"Strange as it sounds, great leaders gain authority by giving it away. † I have experienced this in my work career and in a previous ministry I was a member of. â€Å"Weak leaders worry that if they help subordinates, they themselves will become dispensable. Rather they should realize that if the teams they lead always seem to succeed, people will figure out that they are leading them well. † It’s very important to allow those you hire or volunteers to become leaders themselves. There are many that leave jobs and ministry because they are not allowed to advance. It is most important to empower your subordinates if you are a leader. Finally, â€Å"Busyness does not equal productivity. Activity is not necessarily accomplishment. Prioritizing requires leaders to continually think ahead, to know what’s important, to see how everything relates to the overall vision. This is a great statement regarding the law of priorities. One can be busy looking at Facebook or playing video games. These things are defiantly not productive yet we do these things on the job daily. I am also guilty of â€Å"busyness†, but if I prioritized I can better myself by studying my job or building relationships instead of surfing the interne t. Not to say I always do those things but it’s very important to stay on task with your vision for your life. I honestly never looked at it this way and I am currently applying this to every area in my life especially in the vision for my family. I would recommend The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership to leader and subordinates. It’s a very easy read. The short chapters make for easy, interesting reading and do not suffer from long chapters that tend to make one constantly lose concentration. The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership- the short chapters sped along the reading of the book, and easily keeps the attention of the reader (especially for those with short attention spans like myself). Lastly, the content seems to be excellent. I am no authority on leadership or leadership principles, but it was clear that these `irrefutable laws are excellent guidelines for leadership. There are a lot of lessons to be learned from the pages of this book. Many of them are common sense, yet are principles that leaders need to know and may possibly be overlooked because of their simplicity. Personally, I learned a great deal about leadership from the content of this book. The stories and examples alone provide enough conviction and clear teaching about the principles that Maxwell writes about. I honestly believe that anyone, regardless of position in their employment, can learn and make themselves better people from applying the values and philosophies of this book. Dont expect a spiritual book, however. While the laws are solidly founded on Scriptural principles, they are expressed in a non-religious manner. Finally, some of the â€Å"Laws† discussed are ideas that I have already come across at one time or another. The power this book has for me is that it will serve as a handy reference going forward. At one time or another you will need help with one or more of the â€Å"Laws†, be it Influence, Connection, Respect, or Solid Ground. Maxwell suggests that all of the Irrefutable Laws are important for a leader, but admits that it is rare for everyone to do each perfectly. This is where the Law of Inner Circle comes in. The author opines that a leaders potential is determined by those closest to him/her. Thus, if you are weak in certain areas, you can strive to get better. But if you know that you have a weakness in a specific area, you should ensure that your inner circle comprises leaders that have the skills you lack. A real life example that Maxwell gives is Lance Armstrong. Although Armstrong was a wonderful bike rider, he always credited his team for helping him reach the great achievements he enjoyed in the Tour de France. The author quotes another great leader in Mother Teresa whose life embodied many of the Laws; especially Sacrifice and Legacy who stated, You can do what I cannot do. I can do what you cannot do. Together we can do great things. This is one of the examples that Maxwell uses to drive points home. Above all I will apply the Law of The Inner Circle. I will constantly remind myself to surround myself with a strong inner circle. I have experience working in the prison system and all of the prisoners did not have a strong inner circle to help them make the correct decisions to help them become productive citizens instead of criminals. I will also make sure to instill this law in my children as they will soon have to deal with peer pressure. It’s important that when the time comes for them to make a life changing choice that they have an inner circle to go to or bring to remembrance clear direction from that circle.

Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo

â€Å"There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more.† (Chapter 73) Only a person who has been very miserable can experience the wonder of being very happy. Alexander Dumas conveys this kind of feeling in his novel, The Count of Monte Cristo, in many of the characters. There is a big contrast between two types of characters in the novel. The cruel characters tend to be the ones who are unhappy and dislike their life, not because of the way they are, but because of what they don’t have. The kind characters in the novel are content with what they have and live life to the fullest in that. Dumas shows how many things can bring about this feeling of unhappiness. First of all, jealous and envy play a big part in unhappiness. Also, he shows that love and isolation are big factors in living a happy life. In the novel, Dumas shows unhappiness to be the most consistent quality that separates the good and evil characters. The sympathetic characters, such as Dantes in the beginning of the novel, are able to evaluate their situations and feel satisfaction with their life. The other kind of unsympathetic characters, like Caderousse ignore the blessings that they have in their lives and concentrate on the things that others have that makes them feel jealous. These feelings are mainly what caused Dantes’ enemies to betray him. His enemies, regardless of their great state of wealth and blessing, become very unsatisfied with Dantes’ better position. Caderousse can take every situation, no matter how good and great it is, and find something negative about it. Dumas shows this several times in the novel. Caderousse very much could have been satisfied. He was healthy, smart, and pretty well off. But even when he receives the diamond, he cannot see this situation as able to make him satisfied and happy. The opposite to Caderousse, however, has to be Julie and Emmanuel Herbaut... Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo â€Å"There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more.† (Chapter 73) Only a person who has been very miserable can experience the wonder of being very happy. Alexander Dumas conveys this kind of feeling in his novel, The Count of Monte Cristo, in many of the characters. There is a big contrast between two types of characters in the novel. The cruel characters tend to be the ones who are unhappy and dislike their life, not because of the way they are, but because of what they don’t have. The kind characters in the novel are content with what they have and live life to the fullest in that. Dumas shows how many things can bring about this feeling of unhappiness. First of all, jealous and envy play a big part in unhappiness. Also, he shows that love and isolation are big factors in living a happy life. In the novel, Dumas shows unhappiness to be the most consistent quality that separates the good and evil characters. The sympathetic characters, such as Dantes in the beginning of the novel, are able to evaluate their situations and feel satisfaction with their life. The other kind of unsympathetic characters, like Caderousse ignore the blessings that they have in their lives and concentrate on the things that others have that makes them feel jealous. These feelings are mainly what caused Dantes’ enemies to betray him. His enemies, regardless of their great state of wealth and blessing, become very unsatisfied with Dantes’ better position. Caderousse can take every situation, no matter how good and great it is, and find something negative about it. Dumas shows this several times in the novel. Caderousse very much could have been satisfied. He was healthy, smart, and pretty well off. But even when he receives the diamond, he cannot see this situation as able to make him satisfied and happy. The opposite to Caderousse, however, has to be Julie and Emmanuel Herbaut...

Naturalist Intelligence Examples

Naturalist Intelligence Examples Naturalist intelligence is one of researcher Howard Gardners nine multiple intelligences. This particular intelligence that involves how sensitive an individual is to nature and the world. People who excel in this intelligence typically are interested in growing plants, taking care of animals or studying animals or plants. Zookeepers, biologists, gardeners, and veterinarians are among those that Gardner sees as having high naturalist intelligence. Background Twenty-three years after his seminal work on multiple intelligences, Gardner added the naturalist intelligence to his original seven intelligences in  his 2006 book,  Multiple  Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice. He previously laid out his original theory with seven identified intelligences in his 1983 work, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In both books, Gardner argued that there are better or at least alternative ways to measure intelligence than standard  IQ tests  for students in both regular and special education. Gardner says that all people are born with one or more intelligences, such as logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic  and even musical intelligence. The best way to test, and develop, these intelligences is by practicing skills in these areas, says Gardner, and not through paper-and-pencil/online tests. Famous People With High Naturalist Intelligence In Multiple  Intelligences, Gardner gives examples of famous scholars with high naturalist intelligence, such as:   Charles Darwin: Historys  most  famous evolutionary scientist, Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through  natural selection.  Darwins famous journey on the  HMS Beagle  allowed him to study and collect natural specimens from across the globe. He published his finding in the classic book explaining evolution, The Origin of the Species.  Alexander von Humboldt: This 19th Century naturalist and explorer  was the first person to suggest that humans were having an impact on the natural world and causing climate change. His declaration was made over 200 years ago based on observations he recorded during his travels through South America.E.O. Wilson: The worlds greatest naturalist, and the father of sociobiology, wrote a 1990 book, Ants one of two books for which he won the Pulitzer Prize that explained how these insects create social structures, organizations, and hierarchies traits that were once thought only humans possessed.John James Audobon:  This naturalist created a collection of paintings, Birds of America,  published in four volumes from 1827 to 1838. Audobon is considered the father of the conservationist movement and inspired millions to take to the woods, lakes, and mountains in search of rare bird sightings. Using the Naturalist Intelligence in ELA Class Perhaps the best example to use in a classroom of a naturalist intelligence is one offered by the poet, William Wordsworth. Wordsworth summed up his own naturalist intelligence best in his poem, The Tables Turned when he encouraged the reader to get up from his studies and go out of doors. After reading the poem, teachers could simply end the lesson, and take Wordsworths advice and march the class out-of-doors! (with administrations permission, of course). Two stanzas highlight Wordsworths enthusiasm for Nature as a teacher for all: STANZA I:Up! up! my Friend, and quit your books;  Or surely youll grow double:Up! up! my Friend, and clear your looks;  Why all this toil and trouble?  STANZA III:Come forth into the light of things,  Let Nature be your teacher.   Characteristics of Naturalist Intelligence Some of the characteristics of those students with naturalist intelligence include their: Physically/emotionally adverse to pollutionIntense interest in learning about natureDramatic enthusiasm when in contact with naturePowers of observation in nature  Awareness of changes in weather Gardner notes that such persons with a high degree of naturalist intelligence are keenly aware of how to distinguish the diverse plants, animals, mountains, or cloud configurations in their ecological niche. Enhancing a Students Naturalist Intelligence Students with naturalist intelligence are interested in conservation and recycling, enjoy gardening, like animals, like to be outside, are interested in the weather and feel a connection to the earth. As a teacher, you can enhance and strengthen your students naturalist intelligence by having them: Attending class outside  Keep a nature journal to record changes or discoveries in natureIllustrate discoveries in natureRead books and articles about nature and the environmentWrite  articles about nature (poems, short stories, news articles)  Giving lessons on weather and naturePerforming skits about nature and cyclesConduct research on local foliage Students who have naturalist intelligence may take informed action, as suggested in the Social Studies Standards, in order to preserve the environment. They may write letters, petition their local politicians, or work with others to create green spaces in their communities. Gardner suggests bringing what he calls the summer culture into the rest of the year and into the learning environment. Send students outside, take them on short hikes, teach them how to observe and identify plants and animals and help them get back to nature. This is the best way, says Gardner, to increase their natural intelligence.

Is Global Warming a Scam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Global Warming a Scam - Research Paper Example This report stresses that since nothing has proved beyond doubt that the carbon dioxide and other toxic gases causes to the atmosphere. Most of the reliable sources of temperature data show no global warming trend. All predictions of global warming are based on computer models, which is incapable of predicting the history. Global warming data has historical importance and hence it should be analyzed based on the history as well. â€Å"A modest amount of global warming, should it occur, would be beneficial to the natural world and to human civilization. Efforts to quickly reduce human greenhouse gas emissions would be costly and would not stop Earth’s climate from changing. Even the governments are spending billions of dollars in the researches of global warming. Moreover these scientists succeeded in threatening the world population and thus the governments forced to allocate more money to the researches in this field which were looted by some greedy politicians and scientist s. This paper makes a conclusion that the increased amount of carbon dioxide causing global warming. In fact the amount of increased Co2 in atmosphere caused by human activities is negligible compared to the increase in atmospheric temperature. The changes caused in Sun are the main reason behind the atmospheric temperature increase. It is evident from the climate changes in other planets that sun is the villain, not the human being on earth which causes global warming. The global warming subject is a huge scam developed by some politicians and scientists to rob the wealth of common people.

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine Essay

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine - Essay Example This according to me has lead to successful harvesting of human embryonic stem cell. These cells have unrestricted ability. Hence I strongly believe this may possibly permit permanent repair of failing organs by injecting healthy cells produced from human embryonic cells. Again I believe skeptics might refute pluripotent stem cells as tumorogenic. Qualified researchers from Stanford school of Medicine have discovered an innovative yet distinct method of synthesizing liver cells from fat cells extracted from human body. This new method takes less time and produces more liver cells in the process. Other methods such as i-Heps and spherical culture take more time. Therefore since this is the most effective effort and just takes nine days, it should be adopted for faster advancement that the conventional means for liver-poisoning victims seeking transplantation. To start with this process, adipose cells are obtained from liposuction treatments or the removal of fat cells from the patient s bodies. This study at the Stanford University School of Medicine has been successful in transforming adipose stem cells into liver cells. Therefore this new discovery should be adopted because it will start producing immense potential for regenerative medicine. Ideally, the researchers were able to discover that induced pluripotent cells (iPS) had the potential to be used as possible option to human embryonic stem cells. However, some other people believe that some implications could be used to examine the molecular factors of Marfan on an adopted basis (Goldman 1) There is no doubt that the breakthrough of induced pluripotency denotes the synthesis of scientific standards and technologies that have been created over the past sixty years. I have come to learn that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a dominant tool to investigate the experimental potential of cells; therefore it is quite difficult and not all suitable for generic and biochemical research. Also, this method is important has amounted to further improvement towards isolating iPSCs since the discovery of immortal pluripotent cells from teratocarcinomas (Stadfeld and Hochedlinger 2239-2263). This method is as well important because the discovery of lineage-linked transcription elements, which assist to identify and sustain cellular activity during growth by influencing the articulation of cell form particular genes while suppressing lineage-inappropriate genes, might possibly transform cells outcome where ectopically articulated in specific heterologous cells. However to establish transcriptional controllers so that they might reprogram adult cells into pluripotent cells, it is necessary to develop a magnificent screen for aspects inside a cluster of 24 pluripotency-connected candidate genes that will have the potential for activating a latent drug resistance allele that will be integrated into ESC-specific locus. The methods for deriving iPSCs which do not contain transgenic series are the b est because they are aimed at isolating the potentially destructive impacts of leaky transgenic expression and supplementary mutagenesis. In my view, this is particularly essential when taking into consideration iPSC technology in a therapeutic situation. To understand more about my topic, you will need to learn more about iPSCs. The first insertion free iPSCs were produced from adult mouse hepatocytes using non-integrating adenoviral, and the mouse embryonic fibroblasts. I suspect researchers used these tests so as to provide proof of standard that transitory appearance of the four classical reprogramming aspects of common integration location in iPSCs generated with retroviruses substantiate this argument. In searching the

Economic Development Programs Essay Example for Free

Economic Development Programs Essay Within my community, there are several development programs which have been established for the purposes of making the community more directly participative in economic development. Such programs include agricultural development programs, business development programs as well as higher education economic development programs. These programs will be addressed in this paper, with specific attention to the key actors/players in the programs, the short and long term goals of these programs, and also the political and economic issues they face in the process of promoting economic development in the region. Agricultural finance programs To begin with, there are special loan programs for new ranchers and farmers in this region, the most infamous one being the Aggie Bond Beginning Farmer Loan Programs. Through Aggie Board Loan Programs, the state helps the newly established farmers in the region to obtain loans for purchasing land and equipments, for breeding farm animals and for the construction of farm buildings (NCOSAFP, 2010). The main players/actors in Aggie Bond Program include the lending institutions (which are in collaboration with the state administration), state administration itself—playing the role of assisting beginner farmers and ranchers to obtain low rate interest loans which are exempt from federal income tax—and the ranchers/farmers who participate in the program. The federal government is also indirectly involved in these programs since it is the one that facilitates the provision of tax exemption on the interest income. Besides obtaining loans at reduced interest rates, the financial risks on loans solely rest with the lending institutions which have established for these purposes (NCOSAFP, 2010). The short term goals of Aggie Bond Programs are to act as the capital base for individuals or partnerships within the state who desire to engage in ranching, farming or both, but lack adequate financial resources to do so (NCOSAFP, 2010). In so doing, they provide all the necessary financial resources to individuals and transfer the credit decisions to the lending institutions. On the other hand, the long term goal of Aggie Board Programs is to facilitate economic growth and development within the state and the nation at large, through optimum utilization of the agricultural resources within the state and taking advantage of the tax-exempt provisions by the federal government. The program also aims at encouraging the spirit of entrepreneurship within the state through assisting potential entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector to unleash their potential (NCOSAFP, 2010). The key economic problem that the actors in these programs face is mostly the failure of the farmers to repay loans granted due to unproductive farm activities or catastrophes which damage the farming/ ranching establishmentespecially nature catastrophes (NCOSAFP, 2010). This becomes a setback all the players involved because the farmers undergoes serious financial losses, the lender incurs bad debts, the state and the federal government loses the potential economic contribution from the entrepreneur. Political issues on the other hand arise from the Aggie bond allocations and apportionments among the lending bodies. For instance, after a serious debate on the farm bill, the maximum bond allocation was increased from $469 200 in 2009 to 470,100 this year and the actors have been involved in political discussions regarding the meager increments and how it would be equally apportioned to the lending institutions (NCOSAFP, 2010). Business financing programs The other type of economic development programs are the business financing development programs. These programs are so closely related to the Aggie Bond Programs in that they offer loans for many kinds of business businessmen in the state. However, there is a slight different from the one discussed above because this program finances both established as well as new business-people in the industry. For the new entrants, capital is provided while for the already existing business people, the required funds for activities such as expansion and boosting for those experiencing serious financial traps is availed (OK Commerce, 2010). The actors in these programs are established lending institutions and the business community. They include; Economic Development Administration, the Bureau Of Indian Affairs Loan Guaranty Fund, The Industrial Finance Authority, Capital Access Program, and the Linked Deposit Loan Programs. The short term goals of these programs is to provide short term business financing to the business community to solve short term cash problems, while the long term goals are to offer long term low interest loans to major business persons/ institutions to solve serious and long range financial issues (OK Commerce, 2010). Mostly, these programs do not face much political issues as compared to the economic issues which are tied to the unsecured loans and competition. While the unsecured loans may sometimes compel the lending institution to file cases in the legal system against errant and faulting business people, the competition from other existing lending institutions makes them too congested in the estate (OK Commerce, 2010). Higher education programs The state also has a Higher Education Economic Development Program. This program is designed in such way as to generate partnerships between businesses and higher education institutions within the state in order to nurture higher learning via State Regents’ Economic Development Grants. Nominations are made from the institutions and assessed by State Regents’ staff committee. Submissions are made just once for every partnership, and a limit of twenty five recognitions can be made annually (OK Highered, 2010). The actors in this program are basically partnering institutions, which usually pay $500 coordinated by the state regents. The money provided is used for internships for students of institutions to work in the enterprises of partnering business, faculty externships with partnering businesses, tuition waivers to partnering businesses’ staff members, and development of partnerships with supplementary equipment, supplies and materials (OK Highered, 2010). The short term and long term a goal of this program is the same: to facilitate economic development through partnering for the purposes of higher education. In so doing, the partnering members are able to assist each other in catering for the expenses of higher education to ensure that none is left out. In addition, they promote economic growth growth of the member businesses through materials and other kinds of supplies using the funds contributed by each partner (OK Highered, 2010). Just like the other economic development programs mentioned above, this program also faces a number of political and economical problems in its endeavors to accomplish goals and objectives. On the economic part, the program currently has a capacity of twenty two member universities and sometimes, the resources available from the partnership funds cannot meet all the needs of the partners: consequently, the process of assisting members cater for higher education needs has to take longer than the members desire (OK Highered, 2010). This basically, has the result of slowing down the accomplishment of goals and also sometimes results to withdraw of some impatient partners. In addition, the members have too much higher education needs such that the partnership has only to cater for a small percentage of the required amounts. In so doing, the economic goals are partially and not wholly accomplished. Politically, the program is not affected by external politics, but rather by internal politics among the members which mostly results from conflicting interests amongst the members and also in the selection of the leaders who will foresee the management of operations and finances (OK Highered, 2010). However, such issues have been solved successfully within the environs of the partnership. References NCOSAFP (2010). Types of state agricultural finance programs. Retrieved from http://www. stateagfinance. org/types. html OK Commerce (2010). Business financing programs. Retrieved from http://www. okcommerce. gov/Start-A-Business/Financing-Programs/ OK Highered (2010). Economic development grant for the partnership development program. Retrieved from http://www. okhighered. org/econ-dev/partner-recog. shtml

Caryl Phillips The Nature of Blood Essay -- Caryl Phillips Nature Blo

Caryl Phillips' The Nature of Blood On its most immediate level, Caryl Phillips’ The Nature of Blood narrates several stories of the Jewish Diaspora, using the familiar Shakespearean character Othello to provide a counterpoint to the others’ experiences of displacement. The Nature of Blood thus initially seems to fit awkwardly among texts by other West Indian authors who use the Caribbean as the setting of their work or incorporate West Indian characters into their work. Through his multi-stranded narrative, however, Phillips creates a geographical setting that mirrors the multi-regional influence of the Caribbean. The triangular space of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa shaped by the character’s stories parallels the historical and cultural exchange among Europe, North America, and Africa: the triangular trade which produced the African diaspora. Unlike people of African descent in mainland North America, those of Caribbean background have historically had a more fragmented allegiance to home, negotiating between African and European influences. Likewise, The Nature of Blood illustrates its characters’ discomfort in claiming one particular space as home and in maintaining ties to one space as they move to another. Each of the characters in The Nature of Blood illustrates the challenges that geography, culture, and memory pose to claiming a singular home. Moshe and Eva, both affected by the Holocaust, convey ambivalence as they seek literal geographical spaces in which to rebuild their lives. Malka’s relocation includes the additional obstacle of cultural and racial differences which mark her past home and prevent her from assimilation in her new space even as she attempts to leave her old one behind. And, Stephan ... ...of such futile negotiation between past and present, The Nature of Blood thus issues an admonishment against the shunning of hybridity. Although issues of geography, culture, and memory continue to burden the Caribbean, its embrace of hybridity places the region on the path to resolving its identity and mapping its destiny. Works Cited Danticat, Edwidge. The Dew Breaker. New York: Vintage, 2005. Ledent, Bà ©nà ©dicte. â€Å"A Fictional and Cultural Labyrinth: Caryl Phillips’s ‘The Nature of Blood.’† ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature 32:1 (January 2001). 185-195. Levy, Andrea. Small Island. New York: Picador, 2004. Marshall, Paule. The Chosen Place, The Timeless People. 1969. New York: Vintage, 1992. Phillips, Caryl. The Nature of Blood. New York: Vintage, 1998. Selvon, Samuel. The Lonely Londoners. 1956. White Plains, NY: Longman, 1983.

A Duty of Care Essay

1.1 Explain what is meant to have a duty of care in own work role Duty of care is a requirement to exercise a reasonable degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm to others. Staff to be vigilance and attention keeps individuals safe as they develop: A duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a standard and reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeable harm others. By including, daily cleaning rotas for staff to stop spread of germs and infections. To have first aid trained staff and to include body maps for when individuals go home and come back from home if they have any marks, cuts or bruises on them. Duty of care includes the following: to keep individuals safe to keep individuals free from harm to give choice see more:explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role 1.2 Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding/protection of adults Duty of care is to keep individuals safe and to protect them from sexual, physical and emotional harm. Individuals have a right to be safe and to be treated with respect and dignity. We as adults must take reasonable steps to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals. Failure to do this could be regarded as professional neglect. Duty of care safeguards individuals by the setting having done risk assessments and precautions taken to avoid accidents of the spreading of infections. Follow the correct procedures if you have any concerns for the individual’s well-being, set clear boundaries, depending on age, stage and development and discourage any behaviour, which could result in individuals being harmed or upset. Assessments and observations can alert you to any problems that may need addressing and the discussions with parents and other professionals. Always listen to individuals and take an y concerns they may have seriously. 2.1 Describe potential conflicts/dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights Working with individuals has a significant duty of care. Individuals who are younger and more vulnerable need greater care. The attention and vigilance of the staff helps to keep them safe as they develop, gives the individuals understanding to be able to  for see and cope with potential dangers and have an understanding that their actions may hurt and upset others, also communication to be able to talk about the harm others may be doing to them. The duty of care contributes to the safeguarding and protection of individuals this can be carried out in a variety of ways:- †¢ Risk assessment both inside and outside. †¢ Avoiding potential hazards, which could lead to harm through accidents or spreading infections. †¢ Having clear instructions and set boundaries. †¢ Observing individuals and assessing their development. †¢ Working with parents and other professionals to aid individuals development. †¢ Hold a relevant Safeguarding Certificate. †¢ Have a member of staff who is SENCO trained (Special Educational Needs Co-Ordinator). Conflicts and Dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and individuals rights could be staff having a difference of opinion over a individual for example a staff member believing they have signs of abuse and another staff member thinking they don’t. This could lead to conflict between the individuals family / carers if staff involved other agencies such as Social Services. Dilemmas could be knowing when to get further help regarding child protection and safeguarding issues for example if staff did not refer the case to social services the individual might still continue to suffer abuse. Another dilemma would be knowing when to break confidentiality and share information. If you have any concerns about a individual or feel they are at risk you need to share them and report it, it is always better to be safe than sorry. Other dilemmas in our setting could be: †¢ Staff falling out, †¢ Break confidentiality †¢ Swearing and behaviour †¢ Absent staff members †¢ Lack of team work There are many ways to manage risks associated with conflicts and dilemmas: †¢ Allowing individuals to explore with guidance †¢ Making individual aware of potential hazards and dangers †¢ Allowing individuals to acquire life skills through learning how to cope with risky  situations †¢ Staff ignorance †¢ Parents are a risk to staff if reported to social services One example could be how less healthy food choices involve personal taste preference, cultural upbringing, parent’s and carer’s guidance, all of which are individual’s right and responsibilities. Dilemma: Staff are aware healthy foods benefit both growth and development now and as considerations for the child’s future health. Dilemma & conflict: How can help the child understand and select healthier food options and support the family or parent in assisting staff with this. How can this be done without causing upset, unnecessarily interference, invading that family’s privacy or demean their cultural heritage 2.2 Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts/dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care To manage risks associated with conflicts and dilemmas and child protection issues can cause conflict with parents if staff report them and dilemmas that staff might come across. Conflicts such as; Manager to staff, staff to manager one staff thinking there is a problem another thinking there is no problem. There could be conflicts between abuser and carers regarding an allegation that were made and this could mean conflicts between staff and staff, parent or carer and staff, staff and parent or carer etc. Dilemmas will be when to get help regarding child protection issues e.g. if you do not refer case, the child might continue to suffer abuse. You should know when to share information with others in aspect of confidentiality. If you sure, the child is at risk and see any concerns regarding any child you should report it, like the motto better safe than sorry . Avoiding potential risks which could lead to harm through accident or spread of infection: While individuals have the right to explore we must still follow policies and procedures regarding accidents and infection Having clear instructions and setting boundaries: For staff this is policies and procedures. For individuals we should have rules to follow around the setting. Observe individuals and assess development: Part of duty of care is to assess development and be aware of any indication that their development is not as broadly expected for their age. 2.3 Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts/dilemmas Manager or headteacher or lead, supervisor, committee chairperson, SENCO (Special Educational Needs Co-Ordinator) Settings paperwork – policies, procedures, contract, publications, framework pages, laws Staff colleagues Where appropriate the settings parent partnership Advisory teacher services Local authority and their online information: direct.gov.uk Social services Charity and support groups Nationally head offices Local safeguarding teams Local children and information services – early years development officers Local health visitor Local behavioural support team Child protection team Other professional service providers: speech therapy, fire safety, police, life guard, rspca Websites – NHS, Doh, HSE, CAPT, Ofsted, CAB, NSPCC, business link Trade union representative Local library where reference and research books might support new knowledge 3.1 Describe how to respond to complaints Responding to complaints includes: Listening to the complaint Giving the complainant time and respect Recording the information Reporting to a senior member of staff Accessing the Complaints Policy Ensuring the complainant has access to the Complaints Policy Ensuring the complainant knows what will happen next Main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints include: The Complaints policy is a recorded and documented procedure that is available The complainant is listened to and respected The Complaints Policy is time-based and the complaint is dealt with in a documented time-frame. Complaints are normally dealt with by nominated members of staff The procedure is clear There may be both formal and informal options. 3.2 Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints A complaints procedure sets out a plan of actions that ensure the complainant knows what to expect and reassures the staff member that they’re following a series of steps that can be considered as complying with legal requirements or ensuring best practice. The main points for handling complaints is A time frame A verbal response A mutually agreed time & place for a meeting A written response Follow up – where if the matter remains unresolved the complaint needs to be put into writing for a higher authority’s awareness. You have to approach the senior on shift, manager or team leader if you have a complaint or you could write it down and give them the note about the complaint.

Cinderella and Fairy God Mother Essay

Cinderella’s story portrays a perfect example of that GOD is with those with whom no one is. Poor Cinderella grew up without her mother, and then later was raised fatherless in an abusive environment by her wicked stepmother and two stepsisters. Deprived of her possessions, rights, and dignity, she is forced to toil daily in the house her family once owned but although she lost a lot but she never loses hope. Cinderella is shown as a good hearted young lady. She is hard working and does her best to make her dreams true. She is loyal to her friends and her work, she never lets her friends down. She is also good in studies and fulfills all of her duties without negligence which shows that she is responsible. She is smart and sensible. Her character displays her kind nature, she is very obedient she has been emotionally and physically tortured by her step mother and step sisters but still she respects and obeys them and does her best to keep them happy. She is just like a normal high school girl, with large hopes and ambitions. She quietly searches for her prince charming to find peace of heart. She gets her heart broken again and again but yet she never lets herself get broke. She is not evil and avoids being in conflicts at school, even while being bullied she does not react back which shows that she is very decent. She tries to make others happy by putting others ahead of her own self. THE ROLE OF FAIRY GOD MOTHER: Without fairy God Mother cinderella’s story would not have been complete, fairy god mother in the form of her friend helps her through out her journey. She is very good towards cinderella she Supports Cinderella both verbally and practically, shows her the right path through the darkest of times and guides her to meet her unknown friend. Fairy Godmother always appears in the right place at the right time. Fairy God mother is a god’s gift to Cinderella. Cinderellas good character and the role of fairy god mother in her life are the only reasons that in the end she gets what she truly deserves.

Dian Fossey essays

Dian Fossey essays Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorilla The mountain gorilla was first discovered in 1902 by Captain von Beringe in Rwanda. These creatures were described as tall man-like apes and little was known about them until George Schaller spent a year examining them and wrote the book The year of the Gorilla. It was this book that inspired a young Dian Fossey to learn more about mountain gorillas. Dian Fossey was born in 1932 and studied at Jose State University graduating as an occupational therapist. Upon graduation Dian found a job at the Kosair Childrens Hospital in Kentucky. Dian enjoyed her job but she longed to see the rest of the world. By borrowing money she was able to finance a trip to Africa to visit the excavations at Olduvia and the mountain gorillas of the Virunga Volcanoes. In 1963 Dian set out to Africa. It was during this trip where she met Dr. Louis Leakey. Leakey was one of the most well known paleoanthropologists in the world and was heading the excavations at Olduvia. Dian experienced her first contact with mountain gorillas when she hiked up a 10 000 foot volcano. She fell in love with the magnificence of the gentle creatures. This is where she found her lifes work. Dian returned home and wrote about her experiences in Africa to the Louisville Courier Journal. In 1966 she attended a conference where she met Dr. Leakey again. Dr. Leakey offered Dian a chance to observe mountain gorillas in a long-term study similar to Jane Goodalls study of chimpanzees of Gombe. Even though Dian had no formal training in the study of animal behavior Leakey was interested in her ambition and determination to the job. Dian accepted the job and with Leakeys funding she left for Africa in 1966. Once Dian was settled in the Congo she began her study of the giant apes. First she would try to sneak up on them and quietly observe them. Then she changed her method and announced her presence ...

Intonation and Stress in English

Intonation and Stress in English Correct intonation and stress are the key to speaking English fluently with good pronunciation. Intonation and stress refer  to the music of the English language. Words that are stressed are key to understanding and using the correct intonation brings out the meaning.   Introduction to Intonation and Stress Exercise Say this sentence aloud and count how many seconds it takes. The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.   Time required? Probably about five seconds. Now, try speaking this sentence aloud He can come on Sundays as long as he doesnt have to do any homework in the evening.   Time required? Probably about five  seconds. Wait a minute- the first sentence is much shorter than the second sentence! The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.  (14 syllables)He can come on Sundays as long as he doesnt have to do any homework in the evening.  (22 syllables) Even though the second sentence is approximately 30 percent longer than the first, the sentences take the same time to speak. This is because there are five stressed words in each sentence. From this example, you can see that you neednt worry about pronouncing every word clearly to be understood (we native speakers certainly dont). You should, however, concentrate on pronouncing the stressed words clearly. This simple exercise makes a very important point about how we speak and use English. Namely, English is considered a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic. What does that mean? It means that, in English, we give stress to certain words while other words are quickly spoken (some students say eaten!). In other languages, such as French or Italian, each syllable receives equal importance (there is stress, but each syllable has its own length). Many speakers of syllabic languages dont understand why we quickly speak, or swallow, a number of words in a sentence. In syllabic languages, each syllable has equal importance, and therefore equal time is needed. English however, spends more time on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over the other, less important, words. Simple Exercise to Help With Understanding The following exercise can be used by students and teachers to further help with pronunciation by focusing on the stressing content words rather than function words in the exercise below. Lets look at a simple example: The modal verb can. When we use the positive form of can we quickly glide over the can and it is hardly pronounced. They can come on Friday. (stressed words in  italics) On the other hand, when we use the negative form cant we tend to stress the fact that it is the negative form by also stressing cant. They cant come on Friday.  (stressed words in  italics) As you can see from the above example the sentence, They cant come on Friday is longer than They can come on Friday because both the modal cant and the verb come are stressed. Understanding Which Words to Stress To begin, you need to understand which words we generally stress and which we do not stress. Stress words are considered content words such as: Nouns (e.g., kitchen, Peter)(Most) main verbs   (e.g., visit, construct)Adjectives  (e.g., beautiful, interesting)Adverbs (e.g., often, carefully)Negatives including negative helping verbs, and words with no such as nothing, nowhere, etc.  Words expressing quantities (e.g., a lot of, a few, many, etc.) Non-stressed words are considered function words  such as: Determiners (e.g., the, a, some, a few)Auxiliary verbs (e.g., dont, am, can, were)Prepositions (e.g.,  before, next to, opposite)Conjunctions (e.g., but, while, as)Pronouns (e.g., they, she, us)Verbs have and be even when used as main verbs Practice Quiz Test your knowledge by identifying which words are content words and should be stressed in the following sentences: Theyve been learning English for two months.My friends have nothing to do this weekend.I would have visited in April if I had known Peter was in town.Natalie will have been studying for four hours by six oclock.The boys and I will spend the weekend next to the lake fishing for trout.Jennifer and Alice had finished the report before it was due last week. Answers: Words in italics are stressed content words while unstressed function words are in lower case. Theyve  been learning English for two months.My friends have nothing to do this weekend.I would have visited  in April  if i had known Peter was in town.Natalie will have been studying  for fours hours  by six oclock.The boys and i will spend the weekend next to the lake fishing for trout.Jennifer and Alice had finished the report before it was due last week. Continue Practicing Speak to your native English speaking friends and listen to how we concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. As  you begin to listen and use stressed words, you will discover words you thought you didnt understand are really not crucial for understanding the sense or making yourself understood. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation and understanding of English. After students have learned basic  consonant  and vowel sounds, they should move  on to learning to differentiate between individual sounds by using  minimal pairs. Once they are comfortable with individual words, they should move on to intonation and  stress exercises  such as  sentence markup. Finally, students can take the next step by  choosing a focus word to help further improve their pronunciation.

Women and education in the time 1940-1950 Essay

Women and education in the time 1940-1950 - Essay Example These events greatly influenced the education sector, whereby there emerged greater disparities in enrollment and completion of both men and women in the education system (Rury, 2009, p39). These changes in education patterns of both men and women were greatly determined by the various demands that had been presented by previous economic depression and the Second World War that had just begun. Prior to 1940, education of women in the United States had been ongoing for a long period, recording gradual increase in the number of women enrolling in different levels of education. However, several trends characterized education of women in the United States the western countries. In United States, there was a great disparity in the racial composition of women pursuing education in various levels. Moreover, there was a remarkable difference between gender composition of the women and men, in various education stages of the education system. Another major difference in women education during 1940-50 was the type of training that they received in the educational institutions (Alexander and Bruce, 1974, p659). According to Pitts (1992, p93) United States has recorded high literacy levels since 1940 across different education levels. Both genders are increasingly completing high school and enrolling for tertiary education in colleges and universities. Before 1940 and the onset of Second World War, Appelbaum et al (2003, p61) noted that about 50% of Americans had completed at least eight years of schooling. The rate of education varied in different regions across the country with urban areas recording the highest literacy levels with an average of 8.7 years of formal schooling compared with the farming and non-farming rural residents. Education at the tertiary level was very low whereby only 5.7% of the urban dwellers had completed tertiary education compared with just 1.3% of residents in rural and farming communities (Appelbaum, et al, 2003, pp89-95). Comparing gender di stribution of the educated in the United States before the war, the number of men across all educational levels exceeded that of women. Besides the higher enrollment of men in all levels of the education system, they also had higher rates of completing their respective studies at any given level compared to women. In addition, the educational access to education was not uniform across all races, whereby the majority races had better access to schooling compared to the African American, Hispanics and other minority groups (Bound, and Turner, 2002, p50). Traditionally, the role of women in society was limited to domestic work that entailed housekeeping and bringing up the children. Men were supposed to work on more demanding jobs in order to provide for their families. These gender-defined roles were reflected in education sector, whereby women pursued careers that were traditionally associated with â€Å"feminism†. These included careers in education, home economics, secretari al and clerical work in addition to catering and hospitality work. On other hand, men were involved in heavy and technical work in industries, such as steel plants, shipyards, lumber mills among other jobs that required skills (Rury, 2009, p48). This explains why very few women enrolled in education institution before 1940 in comparison to men. It was important for men to enroll in school in order to acquire skills that would enhance productivity in the work place. Buchmann et al(2006) noted the demand for skilled workers in the late 1930’s had began to increase, because the American economy was on a recovery path, following the devastating effects of the historical economic depression that had started a decade earlier. The outbreak of

Economic Distribution in the U.S. ,Why The Rich get richer Term Paper

Economic Distribution in the U.S. ,Why The Rich get richer - Term Paper Example This brings us to the basic question, and incidentally the title of this essay, why the rich get Richer? This paper strives to offer a basic understanding of the economic distribution of income and wealth in America and the reasons for such discrepancies, which further widen the gap between the rich and the poor, making the rich – richer in the process and at the same time, pushing the poor towards stark poverty. During the early 1980s era, several economists as well as researchers initiated reports concerning the average wages of American workers, and pointed out the fact that their wages were stagnant ever since the early 1970s and that the allocation of their earnings was, in fact, becoming more and more unequal, thereby widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Several explanations and suggestions were offered for such an occurrence. However one of the most significant of them was that the reason behind such a turn of events was the unemployment reallocation in the industrial composition of the country or the deindustrialization of the United States away from manufacturing industries to service oriented ones. It was believed that the average earnings of the workers in the service industry were relatively lower than that in the manufacturing industry. The repercussion of such a transformation with respect to the breadwinners belonging to the ‘middle – class’ hous eholds was evident, and the news of the steadily deteriorating American middle class, made headlines across the nation creating a great furore. Further apprehensions over mounting income disparity surfaced in the mid - 1980s with the publication of several books, reports and researches on the topic, which fuelled the anxiety that Americans were now facing an escalating disproportion of outlooks in accomplishing a stable middle class existence. The Economist stated that the gap between the rich and the poor is larger in the United States as

Multiple Sclerosis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Multiple Sclerosis - Assignment Example The organization’s environment offers a friendly atmosphere, the shared value among all employees, which assists in easy assimilation of all levels of multiple sclerosis stages. The Jackson Center for Multiple Sclerosis has the assumption that all patients have the right to good health as upheld in the constitution. The behavioral character absorbed by the entire fraternity of employees assists their patients and families by offering openness from both parties, from the acquired information from the families and patients; offering education or furthering research is eased. This support offers a significant role in the lives of those living with multiple sclerosis and their families (Pakenham, 2007). The founders were catalyzed to this organizational culture from dissatisfaction from concern and existing services, losses encountered by patients and families in their lives’ prime resulting from multiple sclerosis. The Jackson Center for Multiple Sclerosis leads in the treatment and study of multiple sclerosis. The families a given a high priority by being offered the opportunities to share their multiple sclerosis experience with others who can identify and understand them (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002). Gathering at this center upholds the organizational culture by ensuring a fun, positive and educational atmosphere; this is what makes it unique. The center enhances strategies to raise awareness of multiple sclerosis and bring acceptance within the society. The Jackson Center for Multiple Sclerosis organizations environment puts patients and their families first by offering individual appointments, support groups, care givers and family sessions. In conclusion, this makes the center an icon and pillar in establishing strategies underwritten in their organization culture, improving the lives of multiple sclerosis patients and their

Psychological Theories of Chronic Pain

Psychological Theories of Chronic Pain The operant approach to chronic pain was intended to concentrate upon external pain-induced responses and the social implications of the nature of feedback. The operant model has been particularly described by Fordyce et al (1968, 1976) based upon the work of other individuals in the behavioural field, for example Skinner. The operant theory implies that the genesis of the pain should be distinguished from pain behaviours and the articulation of pain.External displays of pain such as wincing may be conditioned just as any other type of behaviour. If the patient receives positive feedback in response to pain behaviours, they may remain after the usual time of healing for that ailment. There is a respectable body of evidence to justify the use of the operant model in response to chronic pain, yet there is a relatively miniscule level of consensus about why they work and the validity of their theoretical foundations. The operant theory is supported by research projects that intimate the success of behavioural treatments, but there are several problematic elements in these studies which have been recently addressed. The troubling issues include the antecedent belief that all pain behaviours are dysfunctional, the obstacles to continuing the learned behaviours subsequent to treatment and the reluctance of some chronic pain patients to embrace operant modes of treatment. Essentially, the nature of the sum of the problems is dualistic, and can either be addressed as complications with interpreting pain behaviours or the inevitable failure rate that all treatments face. These issues, salient though they are, are not exhaustive. The operant model fails to recognise the fact that the patient’s personal interpretation of their pain and the changes they are experiencing maybe important. Acknowledging this can clear the way for cognitive theories to add something to operant methods of treatment. Indeed, elements that influence behaviour in general and pain behaviour in particular are complex and multi-faceted. It is seldom evident that a single cause has led to a single effect. Although it is true that pain-related behaviours are often modified during the course of a treatment programme, it is not necessarily true that it is for the reasons uppermost in the minds of the experts monitoring them. In brief, rational thought cannot condone the notion that the operant model of chronic pain is true because treatment programmes utilising behavioural methods have been shown to alter the behaviour of patients suffering from chronic pain. A particular assertion that has come under scrutiny is the idea that patients modify their verbal expressions of pain in response to reactions from spouses. The methods and logic that lead to this conclusion are questionable and so must be their perceived contribution to the validity of the operant model. Further, some studies claiming to provide empirical support for the operant model only partially adhere to its theoretical roots. Other studies which are more methodologically sound have suspect sample gathering procedures. The findings of these studies still hold merit for the cognitive model of chronic pain, though ardent followers of the operant model will inevitably be disappointed. The fact is that the operant model of chronic pain does not have as strong a body of empirical evidence to back it up as its patrons would like. As a result of the questionable reliability of the operant theory, many researchers have begun to actively espouse the cognitive-behavioural theories of chr onic pain. Cognitive Behavioural Account of Chronic PainsThe cognitive-behavioural approach to chronic pain purported to contain the essentials of the operant account of chronic pain, but added space for human emotions, cognitions and mental coping mechanisms. This approach, like surgical and pharmacological interventions, attempt to eliminate or reduce it. Rates of failure in achieving this have led researchers to turn from attempted pain reduction to other objectives like active rehabilitation. One study compared and contrasted two behavioural treatments for ongoing pain.The first treatment focused on abandoning strivings to overcome pain and invest more energy in achieving other aims in life. The second treatment was a traditional cognitive behavioural treatment stressing the development of pain-reducing mechanisms. The treatment incorporating acceptance and re-focussing proved more successful than attempts to master the pain in patients suffering from chronic pain. Initial formulations of a cognitive behavioural approach to chronic pain were predicated upon the realisation that programmes with the behavioural label did not contain only behavioural content. Behavioural experts acknowledged the necessity of addressing the cognitive functioning of a patient as well as his or her behavioural patterns. At present, the role of cognition in reporting extremity of pain, endeavours to successfully deal with pain, emotions and level of pain-related incapacity is solidly documented. The relationship between cognitive functioning and pain has revealed a number of important themes. The way in which patients mentally interpret their pain is predictive of their response and their level of functioning. For example, patients to perceive their pain as an indication of more damage often spend more energy attempting to avoid their pain and become less able to function naturally as a result. Patients who catastrophise their pain may experience augmented levels of d epression compared with those who do not. Depression has also been linked to behavioural functioning and both of these may be affected by the patient’s attempts to predict or control his pain. The sum of the implications of these findings points to the near certainty that cognitive functioning must be considered when attempting to construct any comprehensive and effective model of chronic pain. The cognitive behavioural theory does not go as far as to suggest that certain cognitions lead to pain; the relationship is not as simplistic as that. There is substantial evidence to suggest that cognitive activity related to pain can help to create coping mechanisms that are either helpful or dysfunctional. The nature of the coping mechanisms can directly affect the degree to which chronic pain infringes on continued functioning. Some behaviourists allude to the role of cognitions in their research by referring to external or environmental factors. Strict behaviourism continues to be the preferred method of treatment and as such, willcontinue to concentrate on the transformation of overt behaviours. Evidence for the need to include cognitive and other factors in dealing with chronic pain is becoming increasingly pressing, and it must be acknowledged that including one treatment session on cognitive theory and praxis does not magically transform a behavioural programme into a cognitive behavioural programme. Even the cognitive behavioural theory itself is in need of more complete incorporation of cognitive methods.There are simple questions that can be raised in the minds of chronic pain patients that may transform the way that they think about and respond to their pain. The claims of balanced research pale in comparison to the pressing needs of patients suffering daily who could benefit from cognitive interve ntions. Treatment for chronic pain must be addressed in terms of cognition and behaviour; even if behaviour is the founding principle upon which a treatment is based, it must be recognised that behaviour acquires meaning in a cognitive sphere. There have been propositions to reformulate the theoretical construction of the cognitive behavioural approach. Modifications ofthe approach start with the conception that the issues arising from the presence of chronic pain stem from patient reactions to their pain.Reactions are conceptualised as covering the sum of cognitive processes and not merely external actions. Dividing characteristics between patients who are anxious and suffering a notable level o ncapacitation and those who are able to maintain a level of functioning despite their pain are not found in the sensations of pain experienced by the patient but in the content of the internal cognitive assessment the patient carries out about their own pain. Some cognitive behavioural appraisals of pain are primarily concerned with the meaning that the individual patient attributes to his or her pain. The reformulated cognitive behavioural model of chronic pain proposes that the interaction of various phenomenon such as internal appraisals of pain, learning history, mood, avoidance behaviours and environmental influences can become habitual to an extent that negative consequences of the pain, such as level of disability, may persist despite the removal of the sensory aspect of the pain. Motor behaviours that attempt to evade the pain in some way may continue after the pain has subsided or lessened and therefore the cognitions that prompted those beliefs continue. An acute sense of worry or anxiety may heighten safety or defence mechanisms perpetuate an autonomic arousal that maintains positive feedback for the notion that there is something wrong with the patient. Additionally, psychological dysfunction such as depression or mild panic can augment the chances of patients making calculative mistakes regarding their pain including assessing the pain as being worse than it actually i s. This will reinforce the cycles of avoidance that the patient has previously used. This particular reconfiguration of the cognitive behavioural model further accepts that anxiety and other maladaptive behaviours such asmisusing medica tion can easily invoke arousal encourage the continuance of maladaptive behaviours. The model also takes into account the drive for the patient to seek reassurance about their pain and they ways that they deal with it. They attempt to reconcile any feedback received with their own beliefs about their pain and its related effects. Many chronic pain patients live with the trepidation that the continued existence of chronic pain indicates that further damage is being done to their bodies, which will in turn exacerbate the pain they experience. This may raise their levels of anxiety, which affects their ability to think rationally and calmly about their pain. They may request more medical procedures—tests or treatments—to provide empirical evidence to themselves about the state of their bodies. The reconceptualised model ind icates that the response of medical professionals in these situations may unknowingly encourage this kind of cognitive presumption and therefore positively reinforce incapacity or a passive response to chronic pain. The model articulated above is extensively based upon other cognitive behavioural models of chronic pain and can even take into account theories about the nature of the meta-cognitions of the patient. If, for example, the patient cognitively interprets the pain or cognitions related to the pain indicate something negative about them as a person, then they may make efforts to overcome or control such thoughts in attempts to protect themselves from further negative consequen ces. For example, if the patient fears that thinking about his or her pain is going to make them ‘crazy’ then they may make strong efforts to alter their thoughts about the pain in order to stop themselves from descending into mental illness. This may stem from a fear that since their physical health has deteriorated, their mental health is under threat as well. In addition, some patients may think that the more time they spend thinking about their pain, the more serious and damaging it will be. The mo del asserts that the more cognitive energy is spent trying not to have pain-related thoughts, the more frequent they may become and the anxiety levels of the patient may continue to rise, prompting more and more pain-related cognitions. These thoughts may increase and the patient may feel that the more they have these thoughts, the more damage they are doing to themselves. Patients can end up caught in a web of cognitive gymnastics about their chronic pain, which diverts energy from dealing with the pain in constructive ways and maintaining a satisfactory level of functioning. The cognitions that a patient may develop concerning their chronic pain are the product of complex and intricate synthesis of experiences, cultural forces and even childhood learning. Patients do not interpret their pain only in terms of their immediate situation, but bring a variety of other elements to bear upon the way that they translate their ideas about pain and what it means into their responses to their own pain. If they have had pain in the past, or have had close relationships with individuals who have suffered pain, the express and null curriculum of their experiences will provide them with a set of beliefs about pain, what it means and what can be done about it. Cultural ideas about how to respond to pain will also affect their evaluations about the role of pain in the life of an individual. Spouseresponses can also be important factors in interpreting chronic pain.It can also be said that behaviour that demonstrates acceptance of chronic pain stems from the collaboration of past and present circumstances, as well as the emotive and interpersonal influences of the present. The way that the spouse expresses his or her beliefs about pain can either reinforce or contradict the beliefs of the patient. If the patient believes that his condition or experience of chronic pain has made him incapacitated and the spouse behaves solicitously, the patient’s beliefs about his incapacitation can be confirmed and may override any other input about the patient’s ability to function normally. The cognitive behavioural approach has built into its tenets the capacity for the patient to learn new coping strategies and introduce new cognitions without an awareness of the reality of his or her situation. This may be particularly pertinent in the area of medication, where any form of relief from pain, whether it is actual or perceived, may be a response to thoughts that the pain is out of control and the patient is unable to carry on without the presence of medication. The cognitive behavioral approach also asserts that these types of cognitions and resulting actions are cemented together and work in partnership to perpetuate one another. If a patient thinks that performing a particular action will lead to further damage and pain, he will avoid that action. Thus, he will not discover any information to the contrary and will continue to believe that the presence of pain means that he should not engage in such an activity. Even when patients try to accomplish certain activities, if they do so utilising protective methods, they may only confirm the danger of the activity in their minds and become dependent upon the protective measure instead of achieving their full potential in functioning. It is becoming more and more accepted that it is prudent to explore chronic pain from a cognitive behavioral approach. There are a number of reasons for this growing confidence. First, it has been asserted that the reformulated cognitive model explains the breadth of evidence more extensively than other models. Second, the hypotheses that are put forth by the model may easily be empirically tested in order to determine whether they are statistically supported and theoretically sound. This makes them infinitely more useful for the practical work of treatment, as they can offer statistically supported predictions for the type of treatment that will be most useful in various situations.Obtaining the ability to pinpoint pivotal cognitive functions should lead to accurate treatments in place of the relatively arbitrary approach sometimes implemented by professionals. For several years, the research and treatment of chronic pain concentrated on coping mechanisms as the pre-eminent behavioural factor in adjustment. Yet when coping approaches began to be compared with other types of behavioural approaches such as acceptance of chronic pain, significant conclusions were reached regarding the potential of the respective approaches to predict disability and distress. It has been asserted that there are fundamental problems with coping as a comprehensive adjustment mechanism. The issues with coping are conceptual and empirical in nature and stem from its reliance upon cognitive responses. An empirical study demonstrated that acceptance of chronic pain led to decreased intensity of symptoms and a better quality of life. Acceptance of pain was conclusively shown to be superior to attempting to cope with pain. It is possible that acceptance of pain may be accomplished through a variety of methods. Some of the treatments currently in use, such as those involving cognitive-behavioural methods can help to make pain more acceptable. This is true even for those cognitive-behavioural methods that focus on mastering pain. For example, it could be that diminished avoidance and augmented experience of pain as a result of more control that help patients to accept the pain in their lives. If patients are exposed to more pain they may develop diminished emotional reactions and begin to understand that pain intensity is different in various situations. This understanding can teach them that the pain they suffer is not as intense as they first thought. In addition, teaching methods of behavioural control can result in alternations to the patient’s internalised definition of a painful event, making it easier to endure. The role of values in a contextual cognitive-behavioural approach has been assessed in terms of the relationships between the values of chronic pain patients and the success of following their daily routines. It is often easy for chronic pain patients to expend great amounts of effort struggling with pain rather than focusing their energies on living according to their values. Living according to values was defined in this particular study as acting according to what they care most about and what they want their life to stand for. If pain is not then reduced, the patient may feel that not only have their limited amounts of energy been wasted, but they have also neglected their core purposes in life, which may result in further angst and anxiety. In a study examining the process of living according to personal values while suffering from chronic pain, 140 pain patients completed an inventory of values including categories such as family, friends, health, work and growth. The patients were also asked to record information regarding their pain, anxiety and depression. The results showed that the highest values for the patients were family and health, and the values of least importance overall were friends, growth and learning. The patients generally did not feel satisfied that they were living life according to their values, and this could be because of their level of physical and emotive functioning. The results of the study further demonstrated that those who achieved more succ ess atliving according to their values reported higher levels of acceptance, although acceptance could not reliably account for the sum of the success. Although patients felt that overall they were not living according to their values, there was a significantly higher rate of success at living according to family values than maintaining health. In practical terms, this means that out of the areas that patients value most, they were able to achieve much more success in one area, family than the other, health. Approaches to chronic pain that are contextually based deal with cognitive issues in a different manner than normalcogn itive-behavioural approaches. Approaches that are contextually based seek to change the operation of negative thoughts and the way in which they are experienced, which affects other behaviours. A large quantity of the work devoted to these types of approaches involves releasing maladaptive cognitive forces on behaviour and intensifying behavioural elasticity through cognitive de-fusion. Approaches that are founded upon values add an aspect to this type of treatment.Articulating values during treatment for chronic pain is equivalent to adding cognitive influences to behaviour sequences. On a practical level, the conceptualisations of the cognitive behavioural model of chronic pain can help to explain how patients deal with their pain, particularly the cognitive and meta-cognitive interactions they have with their symptoms and other factors thatinfluence their quality of life and their approach to their pain. If,for example, the patient is in the situation where the pain persists and further tests and treatments prove unsuccessful, it may be easy for the cognitive components of the mind of the patient to feel defeated and to acquire a learned helplessness. The patient may subconsciously or even consciously feel that all of their cognitive efforts to this point have proved futile and therefore they may be paralysed by the notion that whatever cognitive energy they put into dealing with their pain will be to no avail. They may even come to believe that any further medical intervention will be of no use to them. These types of thoughts can affect the effort that patient s put into their treatment.They may be less participatory and become increasingly passive even in the face of extensive medical procedures. They may cease to be emotionally and mentally invested in working with the medical professionals to achieve the best outcome possible for their situation.If patients feel that treatment will be useless and they make less effort, their treatment may not be as effective as it could have been. A treatment outcome that is less than optimal will only reinforce the patient’s sense of helplessness and they may even be dismissed as unhelpful or disengaged by medical staff. If these patients are viewed from the perspective of the cognitive behavioural model of chronic pain, however, they will be perceived not as unmotivated but as individuals with maladaptive cognitions. This understanding of their behaviour would make them prime candidates for cognitive interventions,where their chances of improvement would be quite high. There is much empirical support for the cognitive behavioural model, and it has been found consistent with a wide scope of researchout comes. There is particularly strong support for the idea that when patients worry about their pain, they are more likely to scrutinise their pain, which removes effort and thought from other activities and may make the pain worse than it is. These findings offer support for the cognitive theory that hypervigilance and anxiety are closely related. In other studies, anxiety and stress have been found to predict ambiguous ailments in patients suffering from chronic pain, which supports the theory that hypervigilance may create or exacerbate the ill health of the patient or at least the patients perception of the state of their health. In addition, pain-related trepidation was discovered to predict evading strategies more accurately than the intensity of the pain or the physical ailment. Here, the researchers concluded that their findings were not as supportive of the operant model of chronic pain as the cognitive behavioural model. Further, evidence exists that supports the notion that striving to avert pain-related cognitions may actually intensify pain sensations. Though it is advisable to treat this particular study with some caution, there is more substantial research to support the related notion that trying to block pain-related thoughts is counterproductive and will worsen anxiety. Related to this are the theories surrounding autonomic arousal, which have also received empirical backing. It has been asserted that patients suffering from chronic pain do not respond to pain in the same ways as patients whose pain is not chronic. This is true despite the fact that they do not demonstrate significant difference s from non-chronic pain patients in other areas. When the responses of chronic pain patients are measured with regard to distressing activities, the pain levels measured increased dramatically. This was not true for normal activities. Therefore, it seems safe to adhere to a model of chronic pain in which the state of arousal prompted by particular activities directly affects the pain experienced by the patient. Other elements in the cognitive behavioural model have also received support. In particular the role of medication and the appropriateness of use can affect patients’ complaints regarding symptoms and level of incapacity. One study examined the contrasting characteristics of chronic pain for patients whose pain could be justified by medical explanations and those whose pain could not be explained in medical terminology. The authors found remarkable variations in a number of variables, such as excessive prescribing and internal processing in the group of patients whose pain could not be medically explained. They went on to assert that when medical professionals in this type of situation intimate that it could be psychosomatic, they reinforce the patient’s self-concept of an ill person, if not physically, then mentally. Reacting in this fashion often fails to convince the patient that there is nothing wrong and instead, motivates their search for a plausible explanation f or their pain. They may demand more tests and interventions in search of legitimising their pain. The important point here is that the responses of medical professionals to patient expressions of pain can have a significant impact on pain-rel atedcognitions and thus on their responses to treatment. The sum of this evidence provides legitimisation for approaching chronic pain in a way that is much like the way that anxiety and obsessions are approached. This suggests that if obsessions can be treated, then so can maladaptive pain-related cognitions and behaviours. While the need for further research remains in certain areas, such as the clarification of the significance of safety behaviours and the effectiveness of specific cognitive behavioural intervention programmes, there is strong evidence that cognitive behavioural treatments will overtake operant treatments as the preferred method for addressing chronic pain. Sharp (2001) concludes his discussion of psychological theories of chronic pain by arriving at the destination of cognitive behavioural models akin to those used to treat anxiety. He regards the operant model as having too many problematic issues to be considered a reliable source of chronic pain treatment. He goes even further, to suggest that many of the cognitive behavioural modes currently in use are hampered by the fact that they continue to espouse behavioural principles that have outlived their usefulness. According to Sharp, reformulated cognitive theories are needed in order to satisfactorily assess patient cognitions regarding their pain. While behavioural factors should not be completely ignored, they should nonetheless always be considered within a cognitive framework. The concept of reformulating cognitive models is supported by the evidence and appears to be more helpful in finding real scientific meaning therein. Treatments involving cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults have been the subject of meta-analysis. The researchers recognised that there is persuasive data for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in augmenting the functioning ability of patients suffering from chronic pain. There is also conclusive evidence that CBT can enhance emotional states, reduce discomfort and minimise behaviour that stems from a sense of being incapacitated. However, it has been noted that in a clinical treatment context, CBT is not often presented as an option for individuals suffering from chronic pain. Physical, pharmacological and medical treatments are provided as options even though there is often less empirical evidence for their success. This study sought to do a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials in this area.The researchers indentified 25 trials that were appropriate candidates for meta-analysis and compared the effica cy of CBT with various other treatments. In this study, the experts were concerned primarily with two issues. The first was whether or not CBT is an effective treatment for chronic pain in the sense that it is better to undergo CBT than to have no treatment at all. The second issue was whether CBT was better than other available treatments which involve activity as part of the curriculum. The outcomes of the study indicated that CBT that are active in nature are effective. CBT made marked improvements in emotional state, intensity of pain and cognitive measures of coping with the pain. Additionally, pain-related behaviour and level of functioning, both in an individual and a social context were improved. The results of this study led to the conclusion that CBT is indeed an effective treatment for chronic pain in adults. So, too, is behavioural therapy. The study raised certain issues which would be best considered in other studies, because attempting to treat chronic pain from apsychological perspective is quite a difficult endeavour. The outcomes of such treatment cannot always be broken down to determine which variable caused or helped to cause a particular outcome. Especially where psychological methodologies and cognitive evaluations are concerned, there is an ambiguity in proving the cause and effect of research methods that is not easily overcome. The treatment of chronic pain must be recognised as an ongoing and complex process with a significantly complicating number of variables involved. Even when the greatest efforts are made to ensure the independent performance of professionals and to shield the patients from any hint of bias, the narrowing of treatment and research cond itions is extremely difficult. The acceptance of chronic pain involves intentionally allowing pain, with all of its cognitive and emotional implications, to be present in one’s life, when the willingness results in increased functioning capabilities for the patient. Acceptance means responding to pain without attempting to avoid or control it and continuing to function regardless of the presence of chronic pain. Acceptance is especially pertinent when previous attempts at control or avoidance have limited the quality of the patient’s life. Patients suffering from chronic pain who take steps to accept it report fewer instances of anxiety, medical intervention and depression. Two elements are needed to produce acceptance: pain willingness and activity engagement. The development of acceptance is an ongoing process that progresses with experience of pain and relevant social factors. Further, acceptance of chronic pain involves choosing not to become embroiled in fruitless internal struggles that may inc rease the intensity of the pain and its ability to disrupt active functioning. Acceptance is a new psychological approach and conceives human suffering in new terms.Acceptance is located in the cognitive and behavioural approaches and therefore has empirical psychological traditions to lend it credibility. One study demonstrated that diminishing anxiety and augmented acceptance of chronic pain might transfer sufferers from a dysfunctional coping approach to a successful one. The study empirically categorised patients suffering from chronic pain into three categories: dysfunctional, interpersonally distressed or adaptive copers. The researchers in the study believed that identifying the characteristics that distinguish one group from another may help to crystallise the behavioural mechanisms that facilitate acclimation to pain. The subjects in the study were classified according to the Multidimensional Pain Inventory and relative scores on pain acceptance and pain-related anxiety were examined. The results demonstrated that patients in the dysfunctional group cited more anxiety related to their chronic pain as well as lower acceptance of pain than those who were interpersonally distressed or copers. Add